VHDL and Verilog are hardware description languages, used to describe and define logic circuits. They’re typically used to design ASICs and to program FPGAs, essentially using software to define ...

Fig 1. A typical CMOS input circuit comprises a “P” and “N” transistor. One is fully “on” for logic high, and the other is “on” for a logic low. Fig 2. When a CMOS input pin is at logic high or low ...

There is one thing that unites almost every computer and logic circuit commonly used in the hardware hacking and experimentation arena. No matter what its age, speed, or internal configuration, ...

Ladder logic uses switch or relay contacts to implement Boolean expressions. In years past, ladder logic was made possible with discrete relays and was sometimes termed “relay logic.” Today most ...

A simple logic circuit that is used to connect complex logic circuits together. For example, an ASIC chip may contain large functions, such as a microprocessor, memory block or communications block, ...

A solid knowledge of logic gates is at the basis of programming and electronics. This is required in any project. Truth tables are a great way to visualize the results of various combinations of ...

Improving density in circuit design is an ongoing challenge. One solution is to reconsider circuit layouts from the perspective of bandwidth optimization.